The Role Of Biology And Macromolecules - 1464 Words

The presence of a nuclear envelope surrounding genetic code is the main defining feature that separates eukaryotes from prokaryotes. This compartmentalisation of the genome provides a novel way for a cell to control gene expression, as proteins and macromolecules that are synthesised in the cytoplasm and function in the nucleoplasm must be imported across the double nuclear membrane and vice versa. ~Nucleus is greek for kernel~ The nuclear envelope is made up of an inner and outer membrane, each with phospholipid bilayers which are connected at nuclear pores. Nuclear pores permeate the membrane and consist of 30 different nucleoporins. The outer membrane is continuous with the ER and is studded with ribosomes, and the inner membrane is†¦show more content†¦Helps deform membrane to be highly curved. The inner tunnel of the pore contains FG-repeats, which are rich in the residues of basic amino acid phenylalanine and glycine repeats. FG associated with basket filaments at terminal ring. FG nups form a hydrophobic core, and occur in regions of extended hydrophillic polypeptide chains that fill the central transporter channel. Such nucleoporins which form a gel-like mesh line the channel, allowing diffusion of small non polar molecules of up to 40 kDa in size. All other proteins and macromolecules larger than 40kDa must be escorted through the pore by active and facilitated transport. Translocation i nto the nucleus differs to that of other organelles as they travel through a large expandable aqueous pore, allowing the passage of folded proteins as opposed to the extensive unfolding proteins must do in order to be cross other organelle membranes. Nuclear localisation signals faciliatate transport The best understood mechanism of transport across the nuclear membrane is driven by Ran. Ran is a monomeric G protein, it functions as a molecular switch that can exist in two conformations depending on whether it is bound to GTP or GDP. Receptor mediated mechanisms transport molecules across efficiently, up to 1000 macromols per second or 60,000 imported molecules into the nucleus per minute (Lodish etShow MoreRelatedStructure and Function of Macromolecules Within a Living Organism1137 Words   |  5 PagesStructure and function of macromolecules within a living organism ‘Some biological molecules in organisms are small and simple containing only one or a few functional groups, others are large, complex assemblies called macromolecules’ [1]. The term macromolecule is convenient because the bulk properties of a macromolecule differ from those of smaller molecules. These large chemical compounds have a high molecular weight consisting of a number of structural units linked together by covalentRead MoreHow Is a Cells Membrane Suited to Its Functions?1240 Words   |  5 Pageswater. Another example of a transmembrane protein is a carrier protein, which only recognizes one substance or a group of similar substances. Unlike a channel protein, the carrier protein uses active transport5 to move ions, small molecules or macromolecules across a membrane. They may also use facilitated diffusion6 instead of active transport. The movement of substances across the membrane through this protein, whether using active transport or facilitated diffusion, is referred to as carrier mediatedRead MoreEukaryotic Vs. Eukaryotic Cells1645 Words   |  7 Pagessurrounds the whole cell, its purpose is to control the entry and exit of substances from the cell via endocytosis and exocytosis. It is not only a barrier to control bulk transport of macromolecules in and out of the cell but also acts as a protective barrier against pathogens. It is also a vital player in the role of cell signalling and therefore cell to cell recognition. Without this feature of the membrane the cell might s tart, if a white blood cell in an animal, to attack the cell it has justRead MoreEssay on Malnutrition is Caused by an Unbalanced Diet955 Words   |  4 Pagescom) Lipids, proteins and carbohydrates, are the main energy sources for the human body, and they have to be broken down into smaller molecules, and digested by enzymes before they are used. (digestive.niddk) There are four different types of macromolecules; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids and each one had its own function and structure. All of them have chains of molecules called polymers and smaller subunits called monomers. Carbohydrates are the main source of energy and theyRead MoreClassification of Macromolecules2186 Words   |  9 Pagesdetermine if various substances contained macromolecules, specifically; carbohydrates, proteins, or vitamin C. The tests used were the Biuret test, the xanthoproteic test, the Benedicts test, the starch test, and the indophenol test. Many of the substances were positive for that which they were being tested, proving the hypothesis partially correct. INTRODUCTIONThis lab was conducted to determine if various substances contained various macromolecules. The macromolecules tested for were carbohydrates, proteinsRead MoreTaking a Look in Tay-Sachs Disease952 Words   |  4 Pagesscientific community. Lysosomes are membranous sacs of enzymes that are typically are involved in the digestion of cellular macromolecules. They are made by both the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex. Lysosomes have various roles, including the recycling of the cells organic material and in the intracellular digestion of macromolecules. The digestion of macromolecules is carried out through an intense concentration of enzymes. To be specific, lysosomes contain close to 50 different degradingRead MoreWhy Actin Is A Protein Of Any Cell1589 Words   |  7 PagesActin Introduction: Proteins are the primary functionary macromolecules of any cell due to their vast variety in function, which is a result of their amount of varying forms, and they are polymers composed of amino acids. These functions include transportation, structural support, motility, gene regulation, signal carrying and receiving, storage, and catalyzing reactions; these functions are determined by the form of the protein. It follows then that the many functions of proteins come from theirRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms And Stem-Food Report1053 Words   |  5 Pagesextracted from the organism. Genetic modification can be done to plants, animals and even food. Genetically modified products can benefit humans in many ways such as genetically modified plants can be used to reduce vitamin deficiency (CGP A2-Level Biology Revision Guide, 2009). In 2005, UK scientists developed a new strain of genetically modified ‘golden rice’ which produces more beta-carotene than the original golden rice. Golden Rice is produced to help reduce vitamin A deficiencies in areas thatRead MoreIdentifying Macromolecules in Common Foods2202 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract: We tested five common food items to determine which macromolecules were present. We tested for the macromolecules of simple and complex carbohydrates (sugars and starch), lipids, and proteins. The foods tested were coconut milk, karo syrup, potato chips, peanut butter, and banana baby food. We hypothesized that coconut milk would contain all four types of macromolecules, karo syrup would only contain simple sugars which are monosaccharides and/or disaccharides, potato chips would containRead MoreThe Biological Compounds Of Proteins, Lipids And Nucleic1747 Words   |  7 Pagesthey provide energy for life process, regulate metabolic reactions as well as transmit information. There are four important macromolecules that are essential to life and are essential for biological functions: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic acids. Each of these macromolecules are made up of their perspective smaller subunits. The subunits of these macromolecules are held together by covalent bo nds and each have unique structure and properties. So in this particular lab our goal is to